Compared to other European capitals, Rome’s subway is far less developed. For years, Rome’s 2.8 million citizens relied solely on two scant subway lines that fell short of meeting the city’s transportation needs. The two lines don’t even connect and they do not come near to the historical city centre. Being one of the oldest cities in the world, the construction of a subway poses many difficulties. Rome is built upon a labyrinth of tunnels, catacombs, vaults, and ancient sewer systems.

During the construction of the first two subway lines in the 1950’s, each excavation exposed archaeological remains and the construction had to be stopped to allow the local archaeologists to check their significance. Alternate routes had to be thought-out and determined if the discovery proved valuable to the history of the Romans.

After years of funding shortfalls and decades of debate, work began on a third subway line. Now that the third subway line is under construction, it has been marked as an “archaeological survey” from the very beginning and great care is being taken. This new line will run through the very heart of the ancient city. It will be 24 kilometers (15 miles) in length and 25 to 30 metres (80 to 100 feet) below ground.

Finally, after many centuries, archaeologists are working together with construction workers to excavate beneath Rome’s central Piazza Venezia, only a few hundred yards from the Roman Forum.
Almost immediately, excavation revealed some spectacular finds. Just below the surface, excavators discovered building remnants from the renaissance that were torn down in the late 19th century.

They dug one layer deeper and this exposed Via Flamina, a medieval road that once traversed the city. And one layer below that, they discovered a herringbone pavement from the 8th century.
Beneath the Piazza Venezia and near the ancient Forum, workers discovered a sixth-century copper factory. The early factory consisted of small ovens used to work on copper alloys. Small copper ingots discovered at the scene were sent for analysis.

Also discovered were the foundations of a 16th century Renaissance palace, a Roman tavern, and a medieval kitchen complete with pots and pans used to heat sauce.

Even though 38 active digs now line the subway construction, most of the digs have not reached the earth strata that date back to Roman times, where plenty of surprises may yet await discovery.

With every new discovery, officials must decide whether to remove, destroy, or preserve the artefacts and/or site within the subway’s structure.

Officials deemed a Roman tavern from the Middle Ages acceptable for destruction, but they eliminated an entire subway stop near the Pantheon from after workers found the base of an imperial Roman public building. This will force tourists and citizens alike to walk further to reach the new, relocated subway stop.

Further along the tunnels, workers found a “looter’s hole.” During the Middle Ages, builders would tie themselves to a rope and drop down into a well-like shaft to roam the underground to collect bricks, rock, or marble from earlier centuries to use for new construction.

There isn’t an inch of Rome that doesn’t have some artifacts below the street. In 300 A.D., one-and-a-half million people inhabited Rome. If they were to bring to light everything they and subsequent generations owned and built, the streets of Rome would all have to be eliminated and the entire city preserved as an archaeological dig.

Like the Roman ingenuity of ancient times, Romans today have found a way to preserve the old while creating the new.

For more interesting articles about Italy or to visit the home page of author Mirella Patzer, visit http://www.mirellapatzer.com and http://bestofitaly.blogspot.com

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You might wonder how you could finance such a trip. You will want to check in with your college’s financial aid office to see if financial aid that you receive can be applied toward a study abroad in Italy program. Often times, this is the case.

You will then want to go online and look at several programs based in Italy. Study abroad programs vary as to time of year available, as well as classes available, so you will want to see what is offered that will apply to your degree program at home.

Programs vary, so it pays to check on all of the details before you sign up for any study abroad in Italy programs. Some programs are offered for English-speaking students, and this may make your transition to Italian study easier. Determining where you will stay while you study abroad in Italy is also important. Many times, accommodations are available on campus or nearby in apartments.

Least you think all of your time will be spent in the classroom, think again. You will have many opportunities in between studies to explore Italy. Study abroad programs often offer excursions off campus that allow you to see many of the sights for which this country is famous. Take a guided tour of the architecture of the famous cities, or enjoy a wine tasting and eat regional specialties while you are in this beautiful country.

One of the best aspects of study abroad in Italy programs is the multicultural nature of the setting. You will meet students and teachers from around the world, get to know them, and learn about other cultures. This is a valuable asset for resume building when you return home.

Anne is director, student services and study abroad in Italy, for EuroLearn. Their Italy study abroad program led to her experience growing in these studies.

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Important Figures from Italy

Italy is much more than just a country of great food and art. There are also many other important aspects to the country shaped like a boot, including religion (Catholicism) and famous mathematic and scientific concepts. There are also many important figures from Italy, all of whom have made extreme impacts on their home country and the rest of the world. Without the many famous voices from Italy, our world would not be like it is today.

One of the most important figures from Italy is Marco Polo. This explorer was one of the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road, and he also visited Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire. Born in 1254, Polo traveled to Asia with his father, and wrote down his many different experiences in Il Millione (The Million, or The Travels of Marco Polo). He explained much of the differences between Europe and Asia, as well as bringing different spices and goods that were previously unknown back to his home country of Italy. Some skeptics believed that Polo may never have actually taken this trip, but it was never disproven. Marco Polo died in 1324.

Another of the important Italians is Andrea Bocelli. This well-known opera singer was born in Italy in 1958, and is not only a singer, but also a writer and a music producer. Born with congenital glaucoma, Bocelli was blinded in an accident at the age of 12, making his success even more remarkable. He is considered by some music lovers to be more of a pop singer than an opera singer, because of his considerable commercial success, but Bocelli considers himself an opera singer even if he doesn’t have the training.

A final look at the important figures from Italy brings us to Niccolo Pagnini. Born in1782, Pagnini was a famous Italian violinist, violist, guitarist and composer. He is generally known as one of the best violin virtuosos that the world has ever known, and his many classical compositions, including his most famous the Solo Caprice No. 24, have been played by many musicians. He died in 1840, after cancer of the larynx deteriorated his health until he was unable to speak.

There are many important figures from Italy, both those who were born in the country and those who were raised in Italy. Italians have made the world the place it is today, and without their influence, we would be an entirely different society.

Richard Monk is with Facts Monk – a site with facts about everything.

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If you have, chances are you know that today the highlight in the world of fashionis Italy. Just mention that something is Italian and everyone will know that,if you are talking about fashion, it belongs to the top of the line.

And everyone knows that for that very reason the best fashion designer schools are in Italy. But because there are so many good ones, how do people go about selecting the right one?

If you are thinking of traveling to Italy to attend one of the many schools of
fashion design, here are some tips that may help you decide which one will
best meet your needs.

1- School Background:

Some schools tend to focus on one or another area, and that is important
when making your selection. What field interests you the most? Are there any well
known designers in that field that have graduated from that school? How well
have other exalumnae fared after graduation? The school mission and goals are important aspects to understand, as they will inform you about what you should expect to achieve there, and what the school expects from its students.

2- Word of Mouth:

Besides learning about a school from their own publications, another way to
find out what it is truly like is to talk to graduates from that school, or others that have attended there. Find out what positive and negative experiences they had, and what they liked and disliked about it. Then consider what you have learned and weigh the pros and cons. Keep in mind that not all schools are made for everyone, and not everyone is cut out for all schools. Compare your own goals and interests with what you glean from others’ experiences.

3- Finances:

This will obviously be a determining factor in your selection process. Check
the fees carefully to ensure that all possibilities are covered. Are all the expenses listed, or are there any hidden fees? What about room and board? Do you have to find an apartment on your own, or does the school have anything available for students? Are the materials included? If not, will you
be able to afford the extras? Or can you work and study at the same time and,
if so, are there jobs readily available? Don’t be afraid to ask, for you do not
want to discover that you have unexpected costs once you are in Italy.

4- Entrance Requirements:

Most schools have a specific list of qualifications needed in order to be
admitted into their school. Be sure to review this list carefully; some find that
a checklist can be very helpful to ensure that nothing is missed. Gather
and send all the necessary documents together. This will save you and the
admissions officer time and additional expense. It will also allow you to
understand whether or not you do possess the required conditions, and
will allow you to concentrate on the schools where you are more apt to be
admitted.

If you have the appropriate qualifications, and are determined to get into
the Italian school of fashion design you have selected, the tips listed
above will certainly help you obtain your goal. It may not be easy to gain
admittance, but with clear and concise guidelines your dream of becoming a
renowned fashion designer may become a reality before you know it!

For more information on fashion design schools please visit [http://fashiondesign-school-info.com] a website which specializes in tips, advice and resources on fashion design schools [http://www.fashiondesign-school-info.com]

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Reading books and listening to CD’s is a very long drawn out learning process and even the most studious of people can find it hard going. Going to college is another option. If you’ve got the spare time and a local college that runs courses you may choose to learn there. These courses generally run for a couple of hours per week for the school year with breaks at term’s end. College is a good way to learn but you still have to have the motivation to attend after a hard day at work.
So what is the alternative?

Why not take a holiday specifically to learn the language?

Italian is the language of love, and the country is one of magnificent beauty so why not encapsulate both aspects and take a learn the language holiday to Italy.
The locations are varied, learning holidays are held all over the country so it’s up to you to choose what else you’d like from your holiday other than learning the language.

Depending on the season you could go to Milan or Turin in the winter and do a little skiing, in the spring time go walking in the mountains or in the summer just go sight seeing. Italy has so much to offer the tourist apart from the obvious city locations. Why not learn in the beautiful old town of Alghero on the magnificent island of Sardinia You can relax by the pool, go to the beach, walk in the mountains or visit the archaeological sites scattered around. All these activities can be fitted in around classroom time.

The class room time generally also includes Italian culture lessons on such things as Opera, art and Italian history all of which will help you understand the make up of the language.
Generally class sizes are small and divided into ability levels. You should have no worries about being put into a class of fluent speakers if you can’t utter a single word of the language.
Usually students are accommodated in private homes, student apartments or hotels for as long as they are enrolled on the course.

Evenings may include cultural trips and meals out including specialties from local producers. You would generally spend evenings with the rest of your study mates but if you’d rather not then there is no pressure to conform.

Learning can be daunting at any age but as an adult the fear of failure for some people is just too much but on a learning holiday to Italy everyone is in the same boat, everyone is there to learn and make the same mistakes, and hopefully have some laughs along the way.

With so much to learn about and such a beautiful language to learn where else on earth would you want to learn the language of love other than the most beautiful and romantic country on earth, Italy?

Harwood E Woodpecker

I try to pass on my musings on life and experiences in a way that people may find interesting to read. http://www.cookery-school-italy.com

You may not always agree with my writings but I hope to inform.

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Preparing an Italian dish is not something that you just do. You have to know about choosing the finest ingredients. The ingredients for an Italian dish are fresh and not packaged. If you attend Italy culinary schools, you will be given the opportunity to shop for all the ingredients that you need to prepare the dish. The ingredients are important if you are going to have the flavor that will entice the palate. Once you learn how to choose the freshest ingredients, you will then learn to prepare the dish.

Preparing the Italian Dish

After you have learned how to select the ingredients, you will then learn about the tools needed to prepare the ingredients needed to make the dish. Many chefs choose to be prep cooks or line cooks. The prep cook usually prepares the ingredients, but some chefs prefer to do all of their own work. After you have the ingredients prepared, you then learn how to make the dish. The Italy culinary schools teach you how to make the dish to perfection. You will learn how to arrange the prepared foods on a plate and how to add color with garnishes.

Italian Wines

After you have prepared the meal, you will also learn how to select a wine that will complement the meal. This is done by sampling each wine and knowing the different wines and colors. You will need to know which wines are served with specific foods and which wine does not complement the food. The Italian culinary arts cover all of the aspects of cooking, planning menus and selecting only the finest wines. After you have attended a culinary school, you will also be able to create your own recipes and plan full menus for each dish you want to prepare.

After attending Italy culinary schools, you will be able to work in many different fields. You could work as a line cook, prep cook, executive chef or a sous chef. You will understand the heritage and the need for fresh ingredients to achieve the flavor that pleases the palate. You will also be able to make a menu and create a wine list for each dish you prepare. You will become a connoisseur of Italian cuisine and wines. Italian culinary art is something that does not just come naturally. You have to know the heritage and the flavors that make the Italian foods so enjoyable.

Do you love to cook? Have you always wanted to go to Italian culinary school but you weren’t sure if you were up for the challenge? Have you always been curious about what you will learn in an Italian culinary school that you wouldn’t learn in a “regular” Italian cooking class in your home town? Do you love to cook but aren’t sure if Italian culinary school is right for you? Italian-culinary-schools.com will help you decide!

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An Overview of the Past of Italy

When you think of Italy, it’s nearly impossible to not think of the past. It is rich and complex starting from before ancient Roman times, continuing on through the turbulence of fascism, and finally ending with today’s modern country. Italy has it all – mystery, intrigue, religion, beauty and character, and studying the past of this impressive country can help us all to understand the current culture of Italy.

The earliest recorded mention Italy comes from the Paleolithic era, which occurred over 200,000 years ago. Italy didn’t really become a fully formed area, however, until the first Greek settlers arrived in the country in the eighth century BC. The name Italy is said to have either come from the name Italus, who was one of the kings of the area, or the Homeric word that meant “bull”. By the third century BC, the Romans had taken over the entire area of the Mediterranean, which included Italy, and this boot-shaped land became part of the Roman Empire. This Roman era led to prosperity and peace for the land of Italy, and this was continued until around 400 AD.

The Germanic people became the rulers of Italy around 400 AD. They ruled for roughly 135 years until, in 535, Justinian reclaimed the area for Rome. For the next 1000 years, Italy became a fragmented group of city states, and the paths of the southern and northern parts of Italy differed greatly. In the northern area, the city states of Genoa, Florence, Milan and especially Venice prospered, both in areas of commerce and those of politics. The southern part of Italy, in areas such as Sicily, were taken over first by Muslims in the ninth century and then by the Normans in the 1050’s. The areas of Sicily and Naples were filled with turmoil, but they also produced the climate that fed the Italian Renaissance movement where artists such as Michelangelo produced stunning works.

By the 1600’s, the Hapsburgs had taken control of the area of Italy and were strong rulers of many city states. Their rule was opposed, however, and by 1861, Italy’s smaller city states had united to form a full country known as Italy. Victor Immanuel II became the first king of Italy, and the country continued under a monarch until 1946, when a republic was developed.

Since that time, the republic has continued without interruption with one exception. In the 1930s, Mussolini became the elected President, but was for all intensive purposes a fascist dictator. As you know, he was deposed as Italy was defeated in World War II. Since that time, the country has remained a republic.

Richard Monk is with FactsMonk.com – a site with facts about everything. Visit us to read more about Italy.

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My friend studied Fashion Design in Rome during one semester of her Undergraduate studies. Whenever she speaks of her overseas experience, she can’t help but get a huge smile. During her program, there was a fashion design competition, which she ended up winning and gaining great publicity and enhancing her resume. She is now teaching at an American University.

There are programs for everyone; the casual traveler that wishes to learn more about a specific subject, summer sessions, college credit sessions, high school programs, and, Graduate programs. The four main cities to consider for your overseas adventures are Rome, Torino, Siena, Florence, and Venice. Rome will obviously have the most programs available since it is the largest city and the country’s capital. The benefits of studying here include the multitude of historical sites you can visit, a vibrant festive atmosphere, and using its great location as a jumping-off point to visit other Italian and Mediterranean locations.

Torino was made famous by hosting the 2006 Winter Olympics and would be a great place to live and study during the winter months; if you like skiing, of course. Siena is located in the heart of Tuscany, Italy’s primary wine growing region. Living in this ancient city, you will feel as if you’ve been transported back into the ages while walking through the many beautiful piazza and courtyards. Florence is world famous for its Michelangelo’s David, the nightlife, and all around Italian charm. The city offers a cultural experience that rivals any program in the world. Venice, of course, is surrounded by the mystique of its romantic aura. Since the city is actually made up of over one hundred Islands and over four hundred bridges, to get to classes, there’s a good chance you might have to take a stroll along the canal or ride a water taxi as you people watch everyone strolling by.

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Are you considering going Abroad for the Training?

Of course, you may well wonder what the need to travel for cookery lessons is, but cooking school Italy is the right choice that requires you to go abroad no doubt; however, you get to learn well-kept business secrets, besides getting value education about ethnicity, traditions and other aspects of the Italian life that is centered around food choices. There are no two ways about it: Italian cuisine is among the popular world cuisines today and therefore the best kind to learn.

Those traveling to Italy for cookery education also stand a better chance of getting acquainted with cultural elements of the country that helps them score better in the certification course. Prospective employers will earmark such a candidate who has traveled abroad for this authentic education as diligence and importance paid to getting this done in the right cooking school Italy will be recognized and appreciated by them.

Student cooks who are keen to enroll in a cooking school Italy are advised to find out more about the kind of institution it is, what are the various levels of study courses available and the reputation of their alumni chefs as these factors combine to provide the potential candidate with the kind of positive results sought at graduating from there. Thus, besides getting to travel abroad, considering all the above factors will ensure you get home-ward bound with grade that truly reflects your cooking enthusiasm. The right choice of the best cooking school Italy therefore, will be the best judge of the kind of higher education you decide to get and put to use.

Locating the right cooking school Italy will be the first step to getting the perfect degree from a suitable college and finding it is easy enough: in fact, the truth be told, some of the best known globally recognized specialized cooking schools that are Italian cuisine oriented are beside those teaching world culinary arts. These no doubt provide the most comprehensive kind of cookery related education you can think of and put your money into, so take your time and choose with care – you’re sure to find one to suit your needs.

Abhishek is a cooking enthusiast! Visit his website http://www.Cooking-Guru.com and download his FREE Cooking Report “Master Chef Secrets” and learn some amazing Cooking tips and tricks for FREE! Learn how to create the perfect meal on a shoe-string budget. And yes, you get to keep all the accolades! But hurry, only limited Free copies available!

http://www.Cooking-Guru.com

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One of the newest techniques to hit the academic scene in Italy is the C.L.I.L. method.

Content and Language Integrated Learning, or CLIL as it’s more commonly known, is essentially a standard classroom subject, such as science, taught in English (or another target language) rather than the first language of the learners (in this case Italian). In CLIL classes, tasks are engineered to allow students to focus on and learn to use English as they learn the new subject content.

At some Italian universities, half of the required courses are taught solely in English. These policies are becoming more commonplace. In fact, many P.O.N. projects have been approved for CLIL courses in some southern regions of Italy.

CLIL materials often have very much visual support to help adhere meaning, thereby allowing lower-level language students to comprehend high-level content. The materials support the students’ focus on the English language they need to learn about a particular subject. Teachers and collaborators usually choose a lesson’s language based on its function and efficiency in relaying the subject’s main content.

Those who want to teach English in Italy should do some research before enrolling in a TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) program. Select one that gives a concept overview and reviews some resources for CLIL teachers. That way, obtaining jobs teaching English in Italy with more potential will be easier.

For those who currently teach English in Italy, it’s important to be aware of CLIL projects in your region and province, and to take advantage of opportunities to get more experience and information. Knowledge of the newest methods in language learning will be yet another way to convince employers (especially public schools) to ignore the competition and renew your contract.

Sandra Boerger
http://www.teach-english-in-italy.net

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